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we heard a lot of talks in the morning

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which spoke about you know the number of

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exoplanets being detected recently so

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hundreds of exoplanets have been

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detected with over 2500 planet

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candidates with Kepler and Kepler is

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designed to give you the frequency of a

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particular planet around a star so what

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it does that it doesn't characterize you

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so here's a plot which tells tells you

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about the plant occurrence as a function

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of time radius and orbital period and it

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accounts for the observational biases so

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what we now know is that you do have a

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lot of large planets the size of Jupiter

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but you also have even more larger

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larger sized planets which of the size

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of Neptune and you have even more

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planets which are the size of Earth

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indicated by this color code so red here

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red here actually means you know how

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your planet frequency and green is

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towards the lower side and with

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increasing sensitivities one you know we

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foresee that there will be a lot more

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planets to us this area where you have

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higher orbital periods and lower

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planetary masses the interesting point

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here is that even with Kepler candidates

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a lot of these planets are thought to

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lie in the habitable zone of the parent

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star so which wants to be looked for

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first which wants to be characterized

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for potential habitability and see if

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they are indeed inhabited and that's

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where my talk really comes so we know

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that spectroscopy gives you detailed

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information in regard to this surface in

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the atmosphere of a planet but the

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downside is that it's time consuming and

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it's expensive

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so what I want to do here is use filter

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photometer II where it's the amount of

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flux that you you know you collect from

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the source and you split it into

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different rod bay broad bands and color

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basically means the comparison of one

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such band against the other photometric

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is a good tool to give you initial first

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order approximation we know from the

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earth that different surfaces have got

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characteristic reflectivities or albedo

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s-- what I want to see is if I can you

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know remotely characterize these

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different surfaces and if I can build a

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link to biology colors have often been

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used color color diagrams have often

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been used in galaxy astrophysics for

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instance to differentiate the different

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kinds of galaxies be it elliptical or

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spiral galaxies also in stellar

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astrophysics to differentiate the

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different types of stars one can

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actually do this for planets as well so

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here is a plot of you know the green -

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red filter against blue- green which

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Wesley draw from JPL did some time back

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and

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classify the rocky surfaces probably

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because they you know reflect dusty

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surfaces more in the near infrared bands

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they tend to group together in the red

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red plot of this color color diagram gas

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shines which have clear atmospheres tend

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to group together in the blue blue part

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of the color color diagram and then you

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have these gas giants with the cloudy

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atmosphere clouds and Hayes's which

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prevent the prevent the colors prevent

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the colors methane colors from taking

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over and they group together in this

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green green plot of this diagram and

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then you have Venus and Earth which you

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know have their own color space what I

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want to do now is focus on a new earth

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analog for the different environments no

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no no that's support extreme forms of

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life why do I consider extremophiles

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while they define they give you a wide

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definition of for life create physical

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or chemical extremes and they inhabit

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extreme niches so you can think of the

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earth as a zoo bound by a fence of

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physical and chemical extremes and you

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can mean anything inside of this region

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you could you could be fish of or

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elephants or mammals you know any sort

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of mammals but as you travels towards

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the boundaries all these complex

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organisms fall out and you have simple

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microorganisms outside of this fence of

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of course I mean a chemist biochemistry

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breaks down and you know biomolecules

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denature but at these limits so you have

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these so you could consider a limit you

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consider case where you have high ph and

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temperature like like the case of the

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octopus spring at Yellowstone National

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Park and we believe that certain

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exoplanets or rocky exoplanets outside

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of the solar system might potentially

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have these environmental conditions and

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so therefore one could use this as a

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strategy to prioritize targets you know

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when compared to the earth so these are

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different kinds of physical or chemical

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extremes that have considered and I

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don't expect you to necessarily look at

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it but let's take an example here so I

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take salinity and desiccation now most

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of the organisms that we know of on

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earth live in subsurface conditions

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there's a measure to protect themselves

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or a means to gain access to the

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required nutrients so when you look at

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these surfaces remotely you don't really

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look at Salt Lick you don't really look

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at the microorganisms but what you

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actually detect is the reflectivity or

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albedo of salt lakes or deserts in this

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case so here's an example where you have

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crypto and elliptic lichens which are

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inhabited sandstones so what you

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actually see is the reflection spectra

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of a sand covered earth and here you

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have hallow files which are living in

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salt mines and again you see the

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reflectivities of a salt cover I mean

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this is a sand covered earth and this

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one is a salt covered earth so basically

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and this is an example of you know the

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flux being bin in different colors so

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I've taken a class here from 0.94 to 0.9

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microns so basically that's four

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thousand to nine thousand microns so I

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consider different surfaces on earth

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which are you know support extreme forms

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of life I have also included

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extremophiles where the reflection

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spectra is available in literature so I

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have the reflection spectrum of great

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cold algae algae water where you have

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red algae coating rocks what 10

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centimeter below the surface of acid

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mine drainage as a test case I have this

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I have the I have the reflection spectra

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of light lichens which are desiccation

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resistant organisms and I have the

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reflection specter of bacterial mat

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which is made up of two photosynthetic

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bacteria this the sign of bacterium

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cynic office and porous and a bacterium

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flora flexus found at Yellowstone

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National Park I've also included the

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reflection specter of pls for vegetation

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red edge which is often looked at by

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different groups for remote signatures

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of life and plotting and when plotting

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and then when I the basic assumptions

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that I make is that the atmosphere is

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see-through so there's no clouds and

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Hayes's although there's a way to get

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around that i assume that the atmosphere

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does not substantially change with

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differing atmospheres and for starters i

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assume that the whole planet is covered

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by a particular surface for general

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detectability

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so because if I cannot detect it when

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it's 100% covered by a particular

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surface if I cannot characterize it

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remotely then I cannot do it for any

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other combination also a you know small

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changes in physical or chemical extremes

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can make a particular surface dominate

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and therefore this assumption holds true

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so on plotting a similar color color

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diagram but this time I'm not using

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customized filters like dropped it but

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what I did instead was use standard

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filters from 0.4 2.9 microns we see that

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these different or surfaces grouped

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together in different areas of the plot

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so you have red algae which are you know

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in Assam by drainage group together with

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this data point from acid mine drainage

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you have rocks with support and all its

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grouped together in this part of the

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spectrum what's interesting is that you

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don't have lichens bacterial mud and red

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algae you know grouped together with

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trees one possible reason is that

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lichens a composite organisms made of

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fungi and either cyanobacteria more

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green algae so the red edge for lichens

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red are sloping as as as compared to you

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know normal vegetation bacterias mat on

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the other hand they are covered by four

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ten centimeter of water and therefore

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you have strong water absorption

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features long word 0.72 microns and

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therefore the reflectivity of battir mat

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in this case differs from that of trees

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for instance the other point to notice

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that the data point for all of these

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four is synthetic

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all of these organisms having

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photosynthetic pigments is only valid

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around a sun-like star an earth-like

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planet around a sun-like star because if

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you move go towards a hotter star then

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the blackbody spectrum Peaks in the blue

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part of the spectrum and therefore trees

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will start reflecting in the blue to

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avoid overheating and therefore they

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might look blue in color if you go

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towards the coolest are the blackbody

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spectrum of the star peaks in the

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infrared bands and therefore trees

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there's very little in the visible and

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therefore trees will absorb throughout

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or any pigment chlorophyll pick if it

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has chlorophyll or like pigment will

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absorb in the entire visible band and

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therefore they might have pea black ink

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one can then basically relate these

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different surfaces to the kind of

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organisms or the kind of extremophiles

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that's that they are supporting for

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anaerobic anaerobic atmosphere which can

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help in spectroscopy because then you

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know which bands to look at also we know

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that the earth has been anaerobic for

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parts of the history of life we don't

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want present-day earth you have niches

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which support only anaerobic

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environments and therefore you can build

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a link with aerobic and what organisms

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an anaerobic organisms with the

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environment that it its inhabiting but

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the whole point of this talk and the

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work was to find exoplanet candidates

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for prioritization I want to know which

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earth-like planets to look for first

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which wants to characterize because

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remember that spectroscopy so future

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missions likes like for instance echo or

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or any any other characterizing mission

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will have only a handful of planets to

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look at first which ones which should we

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look at Kepler has detected hundreds and

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thousands of planets tests the NASA

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based mission will also do that but

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which one should we look for first

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so I started considering mixed surfaces

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but following my initial assumption of a

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particular surface dominating I kept one

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surface as the dominating surface and

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kept increasing the surface content for

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water because water as we know is

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required for habitability so I think I

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took the whole parameter space from 0 to

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100 for water and what we see is that

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even when we increase the water and when

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we consider in these mixed surfaces

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although you have degenerate surfaces

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here they all fall in this tight band

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which I call region one defined as

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extreme Earth's when I increase when I

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consider non extreme forms of life these

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this region expands to reaching to which

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I call then this habitable region so

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what do we have now so if I have two

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data points which are located here and

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here although this point is interesting

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we have no reference to compare with

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that to on earth you know so therefore

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this data point will get a higher

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priority for follow-up

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spectroscopy but if you have two data

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points over here and here then higher

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priority will be given to any data point

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which is towards the lower left on left

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lower left corner of the plot because

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that would indicate higher free liquid

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water on the surface because remember

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liquid water falls towards the bottom of

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the panel and yeah so basically colors

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are useful in priorities prioritizing

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targets they help you build a link

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between environmental conditions and

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life they can also be used although I've

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used organisms which are thriving in a

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particular physical or chemical extreme

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one can use this for poly extremophiles

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which can live in multiple environmental

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extremes or any new organisms found in

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you niches the important thing to

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remember to note here is that this does

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not tell you whether there is life or

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not what it tells you is that a

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particular candidate or a planet is it

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useful for following up and therefore

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spectroscopy with this method is useful

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for determining the overall habitability

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or potential habitability of the planet

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and also see if the planet is indeed

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yeah the question is if I have thought

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of including clouds in Hayes's in my

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model yes that's something I've been

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currently working on so I spoke about I

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said that it's difficult if there are

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clouds and haze is in the model so

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basically if that problem only arises if

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there's 100% cloud coverage you know

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then you cannot really see anything but

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even if you don't even if you have say

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90% clouds there's a research group in

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in Spain

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enric polish group which has recently

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showed that if you get a high enough

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signal to noise ratio every one

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twentieth of the planets rotation if you

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have say high time resolution and you

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have high enough signal to noise ratio

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every one point here that plants

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rotation one can basically integrate all

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these signals and construct the surfaces

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together using principal component

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analysis so it's possible yeah so

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basically if you use clouds your

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reflectivities would increase but you

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know if you have you can you have these

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windows and therefore if you add them